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Кой има право да сключва и разваля договор с Топлофикация – практика на ВКС

Помествам резюме на  ВКС във връзка с ТР, издадено от ВКС по следния въпрос, за даден от Омбудсмана на РБ :

В случаите на доставяне на топлинна енергия за битови нужди в сграда – етажна собственост, прилагат ли се разпоредбите на специалния Закон за енергетиката или те се дерогират от защитаващата правата на потребителите разпоредба на чл. 62 от Закона за защита на потребителите, регламентираща непоисканата доставка на стоки или услуги, предвид правото за прилагане на разпоредбите, осигуряващи по – висока степен на защита на потребителите при противоречие между два закона, установено в § 1 от Допълнителни те разпоредби на Закона за защита на потребителите?

ТЪЛКУВАТЕЛНО РЕШЕНИЕ

Най – същественият елемент в решението е  :

Потребителите на топлинна енергия в такава сграда могат да имат различни интереси, включително по въпроса да бъде ли сградата топлоснабдена. Принципът, който законодателят е възприел при регламентирането на начина на избягване на конфликти между етажните собственици, е „решава мнозинството”. Затова при доставката на централно отопление в сградите под режим на етажна собственост искането за услугата се прави не от всеки отделен етажен собственик (той не би могъл да получи енергията, без да ползва сградната инсталация като обща част), а от мнозинството етажни собственици, които по общо правило могат да вземат решения дали и как да бъдат използвани общите части. Потребител на услугата е цялата етажна собственост, затова титулярът на права върху отделни обекти може да откаже заплащането на доставено против волята му централно отопление в тези обекти, но не може да откаже (съгласно цитираното по – горе решение на Конституционния съд) заплащането на отдадената от сградната инсталация или от отоплителните уреди в общите части енергия при доставката на централно отопление в сградата.

 

МОЕТО МНЕНИЕ :

Лично според мен при тази уредба на отношенията  с ЕС се измества плоскостта на която се разглежда ролята на общите части, а именно техният статут за ОБЩО ПОЛЗВАНЕ от всички собственици – техният обслужващ ефект. Ако стълбищата, стените, дори асансъорът са необходими по една или друга причина и обслужват интересите на всички собственици, то инсталацията на централното отопление може да обслужва само няколко от собствениците – сградната инсталация има за предназначение да  пренесе флуида до отопляемите имоти, но не обслужва останалите. Поради тази причина сградната инсталация и разходите за нея от една страна е „натрапена“ на тези, които са взели решение, че няма да се ползват от нея.  В тази връзка решението да бъдат натоварени с „полагаемата“ им се част от разходите за поддръжка ми се вижда изцяло необоснована. Ако отоплителната инсталация имаше за предназначение отопление на общите части на сградата бих приел за логично и титуляр на тази услуга да бъде ЕС, но не и когато отоплението ползва индивидуални абонати и самостоятелните им обекти. В този аспект договорът следва да се сключва  между доставчика на услугата и конкретните потребители, а разноските по поддръжката на инсталацията, както и топлоенергията отдадена от общите тръби да се разпределя само между тези лица, които реално са ползватели. Още повече, че ЗС позволява това :  „Може да се уговори частите на сградата, които обслужват само някои от отделно притежаваните етажи или части от етажи, да бъдат общи само на лицата, чиито помещения обслужват.“

 

СТАНОВИЩЕТО НА ВКС :

26.05.2017 г.

ВКС постанови, че при доставяне на топлинна енергия в сграда – етажна собственост, се прилагат нормите на Закона за енергетиката, които не противоречат на Закона за защита на потребителите

С Тълкувателно решение № 2/2016 от 25 май 2017 г., постановено по Тълкувателно дело № 2/2016 г., Общото събрание на Гражданската колегия (ОСГК) на Върховния касационен съд (ВКС) реши: „За отношенията, възникващи при доставяне на топлинна енергия за битови нужди в сграда – етажна собственост, се прилагат разпоредбите на Закона за енергетиката, които не противоречат на разпоредбата на чл. 62 във връзка с пар. 1 от Допълнителните разпоредби на Закона за защита на потребителите“.

Делото е образувано поради наличието на противоречива съдебна практика. В някои съдебни решения се приема, че доставката на топлинна енергия в сгради – етажна собственост, е колективна услуга и не е необходимо подписване на индивидуален писмен договор с доставчика на топлинна енергия. В тези случаи се прилага специалният Закон за енергетиката (ЗЕ), който изключва прилагането на общите разпоредби на Закона за задълженията и договорите и Закона за защита на потребителите (ЗЗП), в частност чл. 62, забраняващ доставката на централно отопление без искане на потребителя. Според други съдилища по силата на § 1 от Допълнителните разпоредби (ДР) на ЗЗП при противоречие между нормите на два закона се прилагат тези, които осигуряват по-висока степен на защита на потребителите, поради което разпоредбите на ЗЕ се дерогират от тези на ЗЗП и забраната за доставка на топлинна енергия без поискване е в сила.

В тълкувателното решение се подчертава, че и двете групи влезли в сила актове, формиращи противоречивата практика, предпоставят, че ЗЕ и ЗЗП съдържат правни норми, които са в колизия и следва да се приложат било правилата на единия, било тези на другия закон. Според ОСГК между разпоредбите на ЗЕ и ЗЗП противоречие няма, включително за отношенията, които възникват при доставяне на топлинна енергия в сгради под режим на етажна собственост.

В мотивите пише, че централното топлоснабдяване в България се налага през втората половина на ХХ век, като нормативната уредба към онзи момент не изисква съгласие в писмена форма на етажните собственици за топлоснабдяването на сградата.

В Закона за енергетиката и енергийната ефективност (ЗЕЕЕ, обн. ДВ, бр. 64/16.07.1999 г., отм.) е изоставено схващането, че желанието за топлоснабдяване на такива сгради се подразбира и е предвидено, че продажбата на топлинна енергия се извършва на основата на писмени договори при общи условия, сключени между топлопреносното предприятие и потребителите, собственици в сграда – етажна собственост. Според закона собствениците в сграда – етажна собственост, които не желаят да бъдат потребители на топлинна енергия, са длъжни да декларират писмено това и да осигурят достъп до имота си за прекратяване на топлоподаването, но те остават потребители на топлинна енергия за общите части на сградата. Законът не урежда заварените отношения по доставка на топлинна енергия в топлоснабдени преди приемането му сгради. Частично такава уредба е създадена със Закона за изменение и допълнение на ЗЕЕE (обн. ДВ, бр.108/14.12.2001 г.). За заварените от закона топлоснабдени сгради е създадена възможност за отказ от ползването на централно отопление, като за целта е необходимо съгласието на всички етажни собственици. Изоставено е изискването за сключване на индивидуални писмени договори с потребителите, а продажбата на енергията за в бъдеще е предвидено да се извършва въз основа на общи условия.

Тази нормативна уредба в принципните си положения е възпроизведена в Закона за енергетиката (обн. ДВ, бр.107/09.12.2003 г.). Законодателят потвърждава изискването топлоснабдяването на сградите под режим на етажна собственост да бъде извършвано само след отправено искане от потребителите на топлинна енергия, но субектът, който трябва да отправи искането, е различен. Не се изисква съгласие на всички етажни собственици, а присъединяването на сградата към топлопреносната мрежа става въз основа на решение на общото събрание на етажната собственост. Присъединяването се извършва единствено при сключен писмен договор между производител и потребител. Прекратяване на топлоснабдяването е уредено като възможно само при постигнато съгласие между всички собственици и титуляри на вещно право на ползване в сградата. Отделният етажен собственик може да прекрати топлоподаването към отоплителните тела в имотите си, но остава потребител на топлинната енергия, отдадена от сградната инсталация и от отоплителните тела в общите части на сградата.

В тълкувателното решение се подчертава, че с приемането на ЗЕ законодателят регламентира доставката на топлинна енергия в сгради под режим на етажна собственост като услуга, която се ползва от самата етажна собственост. Макар тя да не е персонифицирана, за отношенията в енергетиката законодателят я разглежда като колективен субект, явяващ се самостоятелен потребител на услугата „доставка на централно отопление“. Тази уредба на отношенията в топлоснабдяването на сгради под режим на етажна собственост заварва при влизането си в сила от 10.06.2006 г. ЗЗП, който изрично забранява доставката на централно отопление без искане на потребителя. Законът постановява, че непоръчаната от потребителя доставка на централно отопление не поражда за потребителя задължение за плащане (чл. 62, ал. 2 от ЗЗП). „Законодателното решение не е в колизия, а е в унисон с уредбата на отношенията в топлоенергетиката към този момент, защото чл. 133, ал. 2 от ЗЕ изисква решение на общото събрание на етажните собственици за присъединяването на сградата към топлопреносната мрежа. Поради това не може да става въпрос за приложението на пар. 1 от ДР на ЗЗП – двата закона (ЗЕ и ЗЗП) не си противоречат“ – категорични са върховните съдии.

В действащата си редакция ЗЕ запазва принципа за присъединяване към топлопреносната мрежа на етажни собствености само по искане на етажните собственици, притежаващи квалифицирано мнозинство от 2/3, като изисква същото мнозинство и за преустановяване на топлоснабдяването на сградата. „И при тази уредба противоречие между този закон и ЗЗП няма, защото и двата нормативни акта изискват искане (съгласие) от потребителя на топлинна енергия такава да му бъде доставяна, за да възникне за него задължение за плащането й“ – пише в мотивите на тълкувателното решение.

 

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